Women’s Liberation Movements of the 1960’s Essay Example for Free

Women’s Liberation Movements of the 1960’s Essay I surmise on the off chance that I needed to pick a particular occasion it would be the women’s freedom development, from the earliest starting point of the 1960’s ladies were depicted as serving the men, liable for housekeeping and everyday youngster raising lastly how ladies were best estimated by their magnificence, fascinate, and sexual restriction and men by their achievements, power, and sexual ability (Farber, D. p. 241). What sort of an actual existence would we as ladies have today on the off chance that we didn’t have the ladies who supported us in the 60’s, we would be shoeless and pregant dealing with a family everyday, there’s no big surprise why numerous ladies had mental meltdowns something very similar again and again day by day, that’s not for me. I thank the ladies who stood up and shouted out our battle for correspondence which had been going on since the late 1840’s and 1960’s. In the event that it weren’t for the Women’s Liberation Group, where might we be correct presently presumably as yet doing what we were intended to do by men’s depiction of us, at home dealing with the house-keeping, kids and obviously them as well. We would not have casting a ballot rights, chances to work and be equivalent to what men can do, we were informed that we should have our spot and to â€Å"embrace our characteristic jobs as family nurturers and housewives† (Farber, D. p. 243.) At this point, I would not have had the option to proceed with my instruction, seek after a vocation outside the home I truly feel fortunate to have had the open door that we ladies have now, we can cast a ballot, we can make some noise and state not any more lewd behavior in the work place, request more compensation be equivalent to a man’s pay extend. Ladies would now be able to become specialists, attorneys, races, and educators we can pick our own way and have authority over our brains, body and soul. On the off chance that we decide to have a profession or run a family, at that point that is our decision. It took a great deal of walking and fights to get to where we are at the present time. Indeed, even in during World War II we had the option to run a house and work to accommodate our family. National Organization for Women in October of 1966 around 300 ladies and men held the establishing gathering of NOW. Betty Friedan was chosen president. National Organization for Women’s top managerial staff was barely drawn from the scholastic world the administration, and other very much associated elites. With no mass development yet to draw on, National Organization for Women’s pioneers intended to function as political insiders, campaigning the official branch to completely actualize existing heights which prohibited sex separation. However, NOW was not figured to be simply one more inside-the Washington-expressway campaigning gathering. While their quick points were basically to drive full consistence with the law, their bigger objectives were, with regards to the mid-1960â⠂¬â„¢s a ground-breaking challenge to business as usual: We dismiss the present suspicions that a man must worry about the sole concern of supporting himself, his better half and family†¦or that marriage, home and family are essentially a woman’s world and duty hers to overwhelm his to help. We accept that genuine association between genders requests an alternate idea of marriage, an impartial sharing of the obligations of home and of the monetary weights of their help. While ladies were attempting to make sense of why they felt â€Å"trapped† many white collar class ladies particularly the knowledgeable, were not happy with their lives, many looked for help from specialist looking for answers for their discontent. Numerous ladies had been dosed with sedatives some showed signs of improvement and figured out how to acknowledge their endorsed sexual orientation jobs many proceeded with discontent and kept on scanning for answers. Before the decade's over numerous ladies would go to the women’s development for that answer. The Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM) was conceived in the US among understudies radicalized by the mass dark social liberties development and resistance to the Vietnam War. In Britain the WLM created from the battles of ladies labor ers for equivalent compensation. The two developments had various attributes however both were established in the impact of the long post war financial blast. This had maneuvered expanding quantities of ladies into the workforce and into further training. For instance somewhere in the range of 1960 and 1965 there was a 57 percent expansion in ladies being granted degrees in the US (a similar figure for men rose by 25 percent). Out of nowhere an entire age of ladies had new desires. The colleges of the US became centers’ of battle and discussion. By 1967 a large number of ladies had been on walks and fights. They had battled for dark social equality, restricted the war in Vietnam and tested the state. However they confronted sexism in their own political associations and felt sidelined and trivialized by the for the most part male authority. It appears to be stunning that such splendid radical developments didn't pay attention to women’s rights. Be that as it may, when the developments detonated during the 1960s they did as such in a vacuum. The communist convention had been annihilated by the witch-chases of McCarthyism. There was no Labor type gathering or progressive left at all. The shadow cast by the experience of Stalinism caused numerous to feel that communism had nothing to do with freedom. Ladies activists started to compose their own workshops, compose papers and discussion about their persecution. The development in the US was commanded by the possibility that ladies needed to sort out independently. Gatherings frequently included ladies discussing their own lives †a procedure portrayed as â€Å"consciousness rising†. However the world had changed. Just because ladies could control their fruitfulness. A large number of ladies were increasing a degree of monetary freedom that gave them new decisions. Envision the life of a lady before the 1960s. Her life had been difficult†denied essential rights, caught in the home as long as she can remember and victimized in the working environment. At that point, the 1960s joined it, the idea that ladies could have a state in their administration, that they could maybe leave the home without feeling remorseful about disregarding their youngsters, and that they could get a vocation and acquire compensation like men. The women’s freedom development of the 1960s helped every one of these progressions to come to fruition through its scores of strategies and radical perspectives. Truth be told, to outline a portion of these extreme perspectives, some fanatic ladies made a â€Å"Freedom Trash Can† and filled it with portrayals of ladies caught in the home. They tossed objects like heels, bras, supports, hair stylers, and magazines like Cosmo, Playboy and Ladies’ Home Journal in it. The ladies who set up the Trash Can wanted to set it ablaze, however chose not to do so in light of the fact that consuming of the substance denied a city law (Echols 150). By and by, given the various deterrents set up to prevent ladies from changing their status in the public eye, the women’s development of the 1960s rolled out critical improvements for ladies with respect to fundamental rights, in the home and in the working environment to improve things. Since denied fundamental rights in many parts of society, from political rights to regenerative rights, ladies in the United States battled vivaciously for equity. For instance, ladies battled for their privileges not to represent â€Å"beauty objects† or â€Å"sex objects.† In 1968, 100 ladies fought the Miss America Beauty Pageant since it advanced â€Å"physical allure and appeal as the essential proportions of a woman’s worth,† particularly the bathing suit bit of the challenge (Echols 149). Likewise, as per Estelle Carol, the author of the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, ladies started to get over this thought during the 1960s, however numerous ladies despite everything felt Overly fixated on [their] body shapes and were regularly detainees of the dreams [they] got from TV and magazine promoting. In any case, [they] were figuring out how to scrutinize these things and even a portion of the alleged ‘supermodels’ stood up boldly ab out the need to move beyond this silly ‘beauty’ thing. (Meeting). Once more, because of the ladies extremist, we would not be staying here today on the off chance that we as ladies didn’t stand together and battle for our privileges. I would not be taking my classes on-line have the activity that I have now I was youthful when I got hitched in those days that’s how we were raised in any event by my families ethics, I didn’t graduate despite the fact that my desires for myself was to graduate head off to college and become a lawyer rather I began to raise a family and had a spouse who fundamentally was raised to be the command individual in the relationship. I accomplished work outside the home and delighted in working I turned into this lady that needed progressively out of life and began taking a gander at how a ton of celebrated ladies became pioneers so I chose to be increasingly forceful and gone to bat for myself, at 25 years old I turned into a Collections Manager for a lawyer who dealt with gathering awful obligation for a Medical Hospital, it was an incredible open door for me. I don’t feel that I would have had that chance if the women’s freedom development would not have had existed what number of ladies would be lost in interpretation not realizing where to go for help or how it would be for us in today’s society, where might we be at the present moment? Would we have the option to settle on choices that influence our own lives and our families or would we despite everything rely upon our accomplices to settle on the entirety of the choices for the family. We are exceptionally fortunate to have what we have now, opportunity to communicate, opportunity to cast a ballot, opportunity to work and above all else settle on our own choices whether to have or not to have kids, and get hitched on the off chance that we need. References Farber, D. R., Foner, E. (1994). The time of incredible dreams, America in the 1960s. (First version). New York: Hill Wang Retrieved March 6, 2012. http://womensphere.wordpress.com/2008/03/24/the-rising-womens-l

Elizabeth II, Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria free essay sample

Elizabeth 2 is the Queen of Great Britain. She was conceived in Windsor on 21 April 1926. Her complete name is Elizabeth-Mary-Alexander Windsor. Her supported name is Lilibet. She was instructed at place, educated to peruse and make by her folks. She knew outside etymological correspondences. Elizabeth was made her location on the remote in 1940. She was found out to drive. She was hitched Prince Philip in 1947. Her first kid Prince Charles was conceived in 1948. She came to seat in 1952. Elizabeth was delegated in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953. Presently she plays an of import work in the state. She voyages a clump. The Queen has got four children: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. She has five functionary residences in Britain ; Buckingham Palace and Windsor among them. I d wish to discuss Elizabeth 1 and Queen Victoria. Elizabeth 1 came to seat in 1558. She had a significant number of her male parent s characteristics including good judgment and the quality of character. We will compose a custom article test on Elizabeth II, Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Like him, she comprehended the individuals. She cherished runing and moving. She voyaged a group round the state. She needed to cognize her kin and to be known by them. Her warriors and crewmans appreciated her dauntlessness [ # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; ] . The colleges were astonished at her penchant, for she could talk Latin, Greek and a few present day semantic correspondences. She delighted in a stifler. During her rule Queen Elizabeth illuminated her first employment, the Church. The Anglican Church under Elizabeth followed an in the middle of class. A great many people in Britain needed what her male parent, Henry 8, had given them: a Reformed Catholic Church that utilized the English etymological correspondence and was liberated from remote impact. Also, they got what they needed. Elizabeth s following occupation was to keep up her foes calm until her state was solid bounty to help itself. The most serious peril originated from Spai n. In July 1588 the Spanish Armada of 130 Spanish boats showed up in the Channel. The English boats were quicker than moderate Armada. The English weapons could hit further. After the contention not exactly 50% of the glad Armada returned to its place ports. This licking of Spain was extremely of import for England, however a few people said that the Spanish Armada was vanquished more by awful conditions than by English firearms. During Elizabeth s rule England sent its travelers to various terrains. They attempted to happen a rapid way to India round the North of Russia. As an outcome they came to Archangelsk, were invited in M oscow and opened another exchange with Russia. Britain needed to happen void grounds where it could works her ain settlements. Sovereign Elizabeth s rule was other than celebrated for humanistic controls and theater improvement. Elizabeth was a decent instrumentalist herself. English music was so among the best in Europe. Numerous incredible work powers whote poety, play was other than celebrated. William Shakespeare s dramatizations were written in the mature ages of her rule. Sovereign Victoria was a solid sovereign. Her commemoration you can find in forepart of Buckingham Palace. Sovereign Victoria came to seat in 1837 and reigned until her perish in 1901. She governed for the longest period in the English history, for 64 mature ages! Victoria wedded a German, Prince Albert, yet he passed on at 42 years old in 1861. That was an incredible cataclysm for Queen Victoria. She left London and neer lived in the city where she had been so content with her hubby and nine children ( 5 young ladies and 4 boies ) . However, there are topographic focuses in London that helps us to remember their adoration. One of them is the Royal Albert Hall a huge show lobby where the best instrumentalists of the universe perform old style music. In forepart of the Albert Hall there is a commemoration to Prince Albert worked by Queen Victoria. Another topographic point is theVictoria and Albert exhibition hall ( V A ; A ) with its rich conglomerations of pictures and different pla nts of craftsmanship. The family unit life of Queen Victoria contacted individuals s Black Marias. Be that as it may, this is non just ground why Queen Victoria turned out to be extremely well known. During her rule Britain turned into a rich mechanical state with a created exchange, an imperium with a bunch of settlements. Elizabethan age The most heavenly time of English writing was in the second 50% of the sixteenth and get bringing down of seventeenth century. Once in a while it s called Elizabethan age after sovereign Elizabeth V. Britain had become an incredible universe power. It had built up wide business contact with states And rich exchanging organization had been sorted out. The English individuals were presently an extraordinary state and the English semantic correspondence advanced was currently non dissimilar to the etymological correspondence of Chaucer. Many commended poetical and exposition plants showed up. Among the individuals who improved the abstract legacy of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christopher Marlowe. There were okay plants of poesy and writing in the Elizabethan age yet the best stature s of writing of this period were reached in play.

An Apology for This Book Authorial Power in The Pilgrims Progress - Literature Essay Samples

John Bunyan, as he tells us in his prefatory remarks, didnt mean to write Pilgrims Progress; it all happened while he was otherwise engaged. His Apology, at least at first, takes on the words modern connotations. He regrets having inflicted the reader with the book, which wasnt his fault, and he seems on the verge of promising not to do it again. Even the aggressive act of publication is taken by the author out of the authors hands. Not knowing whose advice to follow, Bunyan prints to prove then who advised for the best (2), and lets the audience be the ultimate accountant. But after he has made sufficient excuses, he lets loose with pages of justification and outright praise for his book: Art thou for something rare, and profitable?/ Wouldst thou see a Truth within a Fable (6). This confidence is allowed by the earlier diffidence. Bunyan, following some dictates of nerve and etiquette, needs to make a protective abdication of his power as the author in order to proceed with the book. But it does not end with the Apology. Abdication of power is a prominent feature of Bunyans style throughout his book, and it reflects the fissure at the heart of a writer in his position: when pursuing the ends of faith through the means of fiction, how far into Gods territory can you intrude? In other words, when religion becomes art, who is the creator?Fiction is therefore a disturbing proposition. Bunyans discomfort manifests itself in a certain unwillingness to go so far as to create a work of fiction, though fiction seems the natural inclination of his talent. Even his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, is full of vivid, homely metaphors that tend to expand into miniature narratives. Yet Christians story is presented as a dream of the authors, something visited on him rather than created by him. And within that dream allegories are presented, stories are told, and of course, dreams are dreamt. Within the great narrative there are smaller narratives, and narratives within those as well. The effect of all these layers is to erode the boundaries of fiction and remove the teller. As in Cervantes Don Quixote, the surrogate authors diffuse attention from the ultimate author, who, in Bunyans case, may be doing something he shouldnt.For in Christianity, God is the ultimate author. And, in Protestantism especially, the Bible is the ultimate text. The Puritanical insistence on a return to that text, eschewing the trappings of Catholicism, created a vacuum for supporting mythology and tradition that could only be filled problematically. Protestantism was a young religion both lacking and ideologically opposed to the rituals that make religion comfortable. As Pilgrims Progress demonstrates, the unassisted journey to God is the hardest and most dangerous path. But Protestant didactic fictions, helper texts like Pilgrims Progress, had no certain place in a newly written tradition. Islam, for example, has a w ell defined system separating Gods own words from various categories of story and criticism, with guidance as to the authority of each. For the Puritans, only the Bible was meant to have authority. It was not merely a young religion, but a religion committed to remaining young, defined by endless new encounters with one sacred text.The primacy of the bible conflicts with the needs of the writer. The Bible is not on par with the Romans and Greeks that formed Miltons tradition, nor the Romances that formed Bunyans. It is the truth, and its author is God. But writing a new text demands that the Bible become, in some measure, just another source. A writer must be able to borrow from, steal from and manipulate his sources. This amounts to an assertion of power over the author, an act of one up-manship. How do you appropriate the words of God? Can the Bible be just another text? In Grace Abounding, the fiend of Bunyans own doubt suggests:whether the holy Scriptures were not rathe r a fable and cunning story, than the holy and pure word of God?The tempter would much assault me with this: How can you tell but that the Turks had as good scriptures to prove their Mahomet the savior, as we have to prove our Jesus is Everyone doth think his own religion rightest, both Jews, and Moors, and Pagans; and how if all our faith, and Christ, and Scriptures, should be a think-so too? -(27)No wonder Bunyan is so cautious about the tendency of fiction to demote the Bible or One Book to one book among many: He actually- though the thought is foisted off onto a devil- flirted with that outrageous idea.Vincent Newey, noting that Bunyan was treading dangerous ground, identifies Pilgrims Progress as a preliminary force in a movement that has left us largely god-less and without faith adventurers seeking our treasure within the consciousness or in the emotional lessons or intriguing structures of the text itself, or wherever it might be found (28). Bunyan is certainly not god-l ess, but, as Newey points out, his creation of an inwardly reliant hero in a world where the mysticism of the holy spirit is hardly felt might have helped make god-lessness a possibility. The story is about Christian, not God. God is less a pervasive presence than an occasional help on the journey. Therefore, the danger of Christians maker slipping into the role of creator is always there.The tension between the demands of authorship and the demands of professorship is always there, defining Bunyans use of allegory and the inconsistencies thereof. The best excuse for the romance format- the one given in the Apology- is that of straight allegory: the adventures and obstacles encountered are not mere storytelling sensations, but edifying metaphors of the inward difficulties suffered by the seeker after God. But Bunyan often swerves from that standard, occasionally delivering moments of supreme disorientation. In the second book, the helper Great-Heart says of the pilgrim Fearin g, he had, I think, a Slow of Dispond in his mind, a Slow that he carried everywhere with him (207). He had a slow of Dispond where? the allegorical reader is inclined to protest, on the grounds that a symbol walking through symbols cannot use symbols to describe other symbols, especially if they are already part of the symbolic landscape. But the anomalous sentence only throws light on the way Bunyan slips from one mode to another. The allegorical landscape becomes a Romantic and even a realistic one, while the component pilgrims become characters: Not Honesty in the abstract, but Honest is my name (205).That last example, also from the second part, shows a certain awareness and acceptance of the fact that characters are being drawn. Indeed, although there are similar examples in the first part (Hopeful who is hopeful, for instance), the second part discards some of its trepidation. After the phenomenal success of his first book, he seems readier to claim the authorial role. The preface this time is no apology, but a fond address to his new creation, which is able to reply in Christianas voice. The character is not only allowed life within the romance/allegory, but has achieved enough vitality to exist outside it, and to speak to her creator. The creator is Bunyan, not God, but the authority of part one has somehow made that less problematic.This contrast between parts one and two is particularly revealing. N. H. Keeble, in his essay Christianas Key, wonders at the split made by critics between the two. He cites the careful touches of geography and motif that link them, supporting the idea that part two was written to bolster and complete the theology and story of part one: to show the various kinds of pilgrims, to show penitence in a social rather than personal context, to include women. But it seems more likely that part two was written for the usual reason sequels are written: because the original was a success. This is not to say Bunyan had a mercenary motive. Rather, as it is made plain in the opening poem, Christian had become a famed trope, and his lend both confidence and a new subject to the author. The many references to part one create a cozy, excited feeling, the comfortable arousal of a reader being allowed to visit the landscape of a book in a new way. Christiana travels in her Christians footsteps, revisiting her husband everywhere, and picking up companions who speak with awe of the legendary pilgrim. By following Christians path as it is described in Bunyans work, they achieve salvation.Part two is an investigation of part ones effect on the world. In it, the author gives himself supreme vindication, not, like a prophet, by declaring himself the mouthpiece of God, but by representing his efficacy through fiction. Like Dispondencie, Honest, and Feeble-mind, readers may follow the text and be saved. But the recursive nature of the justification again raises the perennial issue: the dissolvemen t of Gods authority into Bunyans. Christianas story is the story of Christians success- but as a conversion text, or a work of fiction?Works CitedBunyan, John. The Pilgrims Progress. Ed. Keeble. Oxford, 1984.Bunyan, John. Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners. Penguin, 1987Keeble, N.H. Christianas Key: The Unity of The Pilgrims Progress. The Pilgrims Progress: Critical and Historical Views. Ed. Vincent Newey. Liverpool, 1980.Newey, Vincent. Bunyan and the Confines of the Mind. The Pilgrims Progress: Critical and Historical Views. Ed. Vincent Newey. Liverpool, 1980

Spanish Astronomy Vocabulary Words

Because much of ancient Western knowledge about the heavens comes to us from or through people who spoke Greek or Latin. Because of this many of the Spanish words related to planets, stars and other aspects of astronomy will seem familiar as they are borrowing from Latin and Greek as well. Here are some of the most important Spanish astronomical words: Astronomical Bodies — Los cuerpos celestes Alpha Centauri — Alfa Centauriasteroid — el asteroideBig Dipper — la Osa Mayor (The Spanish name means the great female bear.)binary star — la estrella binariablack hole — el agujero negro, el hoyo negrocomet — el cometa (Note that la cometa refers to a kite.)constellation — la constelacià ³ncosmic rays — los rayos cà ³smicosdwarf planet — el planeta enano (Enano here functions as an invariable adjective.)galaxy — la galaxiagamma radiation, gamma rays — la radiacià ³n gamma, los rayos gammameteor — el  meteoro, el bà ³lidoMilky Way —  la Và ­a Là ¡cteamoon —  la luna  (capitalized  la Luna  when referring to Earths moon)nebula —  la nebulosaneutron star — la estrella de neutronesNorth Star — la estrella Polarnova — la novaplanet —  el planetaquasar —  quà ¡sar, quasar, cuà ¡sar, cuasarred dwarf —  la enana rojar ed giant —  la gigante rojasatellite — el satà ©litesolar system — el sistema solarstar — la estrellasun — el sol (el Sol when referring to Earths sun)sunspot — la mancha solar (a mancha is a stain)supernova — la supernovauniverse — el universowhite dwarf — la enana blanca Our Solar System — Nuestro sistema solar asteroid belt — el cinturà ³n de asteroidesasteroids — los asteroidesCeres — CeresEarth —  la TierraEris — ErisJupiter — el Jà ºpiterMars — el MarteMercury — el Mercuriomoon — la LunaNeptune — el NeptunoPluto — el Plutà ³nrings of Saturn — los anillos de SaturnoSaturn — el Saturnosun — el SolUranus — el UranoVenus — el Venus Other Terms — Otros tà ©rminos albedo — el albedoastronaut — el/la astronautaastronomy —  la astronomà ­aBig Bang — el Big Bang, la gran explosià ³ncrater — el crà ¡terdark matter — la materia oscuraeclipse — el eclipsefull moon — el plenilunio, la luna llenagravitational field —  el campo gravitatoriogravity — la gravedadlight year— al aà ±o luz  (los aà ±os luz in plural)magnetic field — el campo magnà ©ticonew moon — la luna nuevanuclear fusion — la fusià ³n nuclearorbit — la à ³rbitared shift — el corrimiento al rojo, el desplazamiento hacia el rojorevolution — la revolucià ³nsolar flare — la erupcià ³n solarspacecraft — la nave espacialspace probe — la sonda espacialspace shuttle — el transbordador espacial, la lanzadera espacialspace station — la estacià ³n espacialtelescope — el telescopiotheory of relativity — la teorà ­a d e la relatividadtwinkling (of stars) — el centellearvacuum of space — el vacà ­o del espaciowormhole — el agujero de gusano (This is an example of a calque.)zodiac — el zodiaco, el zodà ­aco

Attachment Theory In Pregnancy - 815 Words

Over the last two decades, multiple studies that have examined the stability of attachment classification from infancy have shown significant discrepancies between the rates of continuity, particularly among the low and high-risk groups, as well as, greater rates of discontinuity among middle-risk groups. Waters et al (2000) administered 12-month-old low-risk infants with the Strange Situation Task in a twenty-year longitudinal study and reported a stability rate of 64%, whereas, Aikins, Howes and Hamilton (2009) via similar procedures demonstrated the stability rate of attachment categories among low-risk infants were only 25%. An explanation for these differences may be due to sample sizes or measurement errors, however the interrater†¦show more content†¦This discontinuity of attachment classifications has been attributed to individuals that have experienced high levels of life stress after one year of age, such as parental divorce, parental depression/hospitalization, de ath of a parent, abuse by a family member, etc. These variables are especially prevalent among disadvantaged groups living in poverty, who experiences greater life stress consistently. Hence, negative life events can cause changes in the quality of caregiving and alter the dynamics of the family, which impacts the stability of attachment relationship from infancy onwards. Therefore, it is the caregiver’s behaviour and the environmental factors surrounding the individual that shapes the stability and change in attachment styles rather than age such as one year. This also supports Bowlby’s attachment theory which highlights both stability and change, hence, it can be concluded infant attachment styles (as measured by the Ainsworth Strange Situation Task) isn’t permanent and can change even after the first year of life. Overall, this emphasises the importance of caregiver-child relationship and their effect on the socio-emotional development of children. The developmental psychological model outlined by Schore (1999), clearly demonstrates secure parental-child attachment is linked to better cognitive and behavioural outcome for theShow MoreRelatedAttachment And Its Effects On Children s Life1025 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment starts to develop since the women’s pregnancy, during this stage of human development the female starts to cultivate emotional attachment to the fetus. The method in which attachment is formed during gestation will eventually affect or enhance the child stance during pregnancy or even after birth. 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Since Bowlby’s (1969) theory, describing the importance of developing an attachment for successful emotional and social development, other researchers have theorised that not forming attachments affects individuals, including their possible development of mental health issues. Researchers have replicated Ainworths and Wittig’s (1969) Strange Situation experiment, using the results for

Auditing and Assurance Services Global Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance Servicesfor Global Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction The assignment is regarding the auditors role and liability in the companies. It discusses how the auditors played a major role in the fall of the Lehman brothers and what the potential liability of the auditors is after the incident which shook the economies globally. The period of financial crisis was very tough for the auditors as it was difficult to prove their authenticity in work and genuineness. The auditors who are believed to be the fair authorities who provide true and fair judgements on the books of accounts were doubted. The report is prepared on the behalf of the chartered accountant firm for the partner Sally Smith to showcase that what are the potential liabilities of the auditors after the global financial crisis. There are four dominant audit companies in the audit market across the world. The involvement of one of these companies in fraud with the leading company in USA has created huge chaos in the market. This paper seeks to discuss the financial crisis, what led to such a big financial crisis and what role the auditors played in the same. It will raise the issues of the liabilities of auditors, their quality of work and their independence. What is Global Financial Crisis? Global financial crisis is the period of economic crisis and crunch in the economy of the whole world where the amount of debt in the economies was far more than the repaying capacities of people. It was initiated with United States of America where Lehman Brothers, one of the top investment and financial bank of the country was declared bankrupt because it was under huge burden of borrowings and had no money to pay. The debt markets fell sharply which became the reason for the fall of markets (Oldani, et al., 2016). In the global crisis, the debts were created in such a large amount in the market which became tough to repay by the people because their incomes were lesser than the debts. People started failing to repay their loan taken which slowly and gradually resulted into the bankruptcy of banks (Valentine Woods, 2010). Liability of Auditor in the Period of Global Financial Crisis Auditors are those specially certified Chartered accountants who are legally allowed to carry on the investigations and audits of the companies and their books of accounts. They are responsible for examination and verification of the accounts of the company. It is done to prepare and develop a final report which consists of the independent opinion of the auditors about the companys financial position. In this report, the auditor is required to present his true and fair opinion about the company position financially (Ip, 2012). This report helps the investors and other stakeholders to take their decision. They rely on the audit report given by the auditors. When the financial crisis took place, the auditors were required to follow the standards of auditing and present what the companies are going through and what their books of accounts are representing. This will safeguard the interests of the related stakeholders (Zhu, 2012). As per the standards of auditing, the independent auditor is responsible for providing a correct view on the financial accounts of the company. It also says that the standards of auditing are required to be followed by the auditors while performing audits. Providing true and fair view on the accounts saves many investors and other stakeholders. The auditors who do not follow the standards and rules can be sued for not working in the fair and honest spirit (Todea Stanciu, 2009). Lehman Brothers- The Case Lehman Brothers was one of the biggest names in the investment and banking industry till it declared itself insolvent in Sept 15, 2008. A situation of panic was aroused in USA and in the whole world. The share markets fell and it was understood that this financial crisis is going to be bigger than any of them occurred till date (DArcy, 2009). Lehman Brothers was bankrupt and had failed to carry on its functions further. There were 28000 people working in the company who got unemployed at once. It was found that auditors of Lehman brothers are at fault because they knew about the failures and they did not disclosed the same in front of public. Ernst Young was the auditor of Lehman Brothers and it is also found that the auditors were paid with a very huge amount of $31 million for concealing the facts. Lehman Brothers was audited by a team of auditors by Ernst Young. This team did not receive full support from the team of internal auditors of the company. There was a lack of cooperation between the internal and external auditors (McDonald Hillis, 2016). Ernst Young was required to verify the accounts properly and disclose the real situation of the company. It was found that the company used Repo 105 to show better position of the company but Ernst Young never disclosed that. They should have disclosed the original issues or the problems of Lehman Brothers in the audit report which would have served as an alarming sign for everyone attached with the company and their profits (Sikka, 2009). The immaturity of the audit firm led to the emergence of financial crisis. Lehman brothers were under the liabilities of $ 50 million. The company was using the incorrect and unacceptable methods of accounting which was hidden by the auditor (Jones, 2011). The investors of Lehman brothers sued Ernst Young. Ernst Young paid $99 million to the investors to close the case in 2013. Till now, Ernst Young do not accept that it was being involved in the fraud (Xu, et. al., 2013). The main duty of the auditor is to collect, check and verify the books of accounts and to present their true and fair view in the audit report. Failing to this, auditor is responsible for being involved in the fraud. Potential Liability of the Auditors which they Face after Global Financial Crisis The case and collapse of Lehman brothers cleared the roles and responsibilities of Auditors towards the audit function of the firm. The auditors are accountable for conducting a proper investigation on the books of accounts because, it is the financial situation of the company on which the public relies and believes (Boyle Mahoney, 2015). The company takes decisions for their business but for that auditor is not responsible. The auditor is responsible for not identifying the errors and frauds and for not disclosing it in the public. It is either because they are paid high for the same or they are not able to identify the frauds and errors in the company (Dragos, 2010). The situation of financial crisis has created more responsibilities towards the auditors. They have to apply more knowledge and effectiveness in their work. The companies have to work now in the completely different manner i.e. by following the standards, by verifying the accounts better than before. The auditors lost their trust when Lehman brothers collapsed. So, they now have to be more accountable in the processes which can establish the trust of public again on the auditors (Aziz Omoteso, 2014). They have to show more quality in their work and the auditors today, have to follow standards properly so that no chance of misrepresentation or fraud can arise. The audit firms are now made more structured and more safe which takes care of the honesty and integrity showed in verifying the books of accounts. The audit company makes up varies strategies so that the auditors can face lesser risks and can perform better even in the fluctuating markets (Flores, 2011). The potential liability of the auditors shows that the auditors should accept the audits which do not involve risks. The companies which follows doubtful procedures and have vague books of accounts should not be accepted by the audit firms. It will reduce the chances of frauds and risks in which auditors are involved or they are involved. The standards of auditing are required to be followed because this will also reduce the criticism rate faced by the audit firm. Auditor is one which represent true and honest views about the company and its financial position of the company on which the investors can rely (Ciro, 2016). The auditors can be held liable if they breach the contract or the letter of engagement. They are also liable for providing wrong opinions on audit. Another liability of auditors is to follow the auditing standards. There are two types of liabilities the auditors may face, that are civil liability and Criminal liability (Legg, 2009). These liabilities may arise when the auditor is careless during the audit performance in the company, when the investors have to bear the loss because of breach of duties by the auditor, when the auditor is involved with any fraudulent activities or he have the intention of committing fraud or when the auditor has not represented the financial statements correct and accurate. This is because the foremost priority of the auditor is to focus on the accounts so that they can provide their honest opinion to the investors (Rapoport, 2010). The liability of auditors has become a very important concern in recent times. The investors and the creditors when invest or lend money to the company, they go through the audit reports which are considered as the admission tickets for them, without which they will no enter in a relationship with the company. The audit report adds credibility to the financial accounts and transactions of the business (Pal, 2010). The financial crisis of 2008 showed many problems and inaccuracies on the side of auditors. It led to the failure of the audit industry because the collapse of Lehman Brothers was considered to be the biggest reason behind the financial crisis across the globe (Geiger, et. al., 2014). Not only Ernst Young was blamed to hide the real situation of the Lehman Brothers but the big audit firm PricewaterhouseCooper was also accused of not disclosing the risk management issues of AIG. So, the problems further increased. The auditors and the audit firm began to lose their image in the market. So, the auditors need to test the level of risks in the company before taking up its audit. This is followed after the global financial crisis which is done in order to reduce the risks of audit (Fraser, 2009). Conclusion It can be concluded that Audit industry has gone through many concerns after the global financial crisis. It is seen that Auditors has the liability to plan the audit and conduct it fairly by following the accounting standards which will maintain the quality of audit and the risks will be reduced. The auditors are required to fulfil their duties which are to conduct the audit properly and to provide their true and fair opinion on the books of accounts of the company. If they find any error or something risky with the transactions performed by the company, they should inform about it in the audit report after investing on it. The report contains the potential liability of the auditors after the global financial crisis took place. The case of Lehman brothers was discussed that how it led to the crisis of credit across the world. It was found that the audit firm of Lehman brothers, Ernst Young did not provide any information about the malpractices and the insolvency position of the ban k in their audit report. There was in cooperation between the internal auditors and the external auditors too which led to the non-disclosure of the companys inappropriate accounting methods. The auditors are liable for providing quality work, their view on the financial statements of the company which should be true and fair. The auditors should follow the requirements and standards in order to make their audit work strong and on which the investors or creditors can rely. For this, the auditors began to take only those audits which are clear in terms of financial activities and they also focussed more on establishing cooperation with the internal auditors so that the real situation of the can be ascertained. It will definitely increase the image and goodwill of the auditors in the company. It will also bring confidence in the markets. Recommendations Some recommendations can be given which supports in making the audit procedures free from complications and enhance the quality of the same. The auditors are suggested to select the companies which are free from the allegations, and their accounting measures are free from any doubts. These companies can be chosen by the auditors. The auditors should put more emphasis on the planning of audits which means that a proper blueprint should be created in order to enhance the quality of the audit procedures. The auditors should focus on following the standards which are given by the International Accounting Board. It will enhance the credibility of the auditing procedures. The communication with the internal auditors should be effective so that the audit procedures can be carried smoothly. Auditors should focus on new method and technologies of audit which does not only increase the quality, effectiveness but also decrease the time taken in the whole process. The fees taken by the auditors should be decided as per the criterias decided. The audit firms can also go for joint audits where two or more audit firms work together in order to prepare a final audit report. Joint audits are possible in case of big companies where there are ample amount of transactions to check and verify. It will help in reducing the frauds and errors form the audit report and procedures. The auditors should be fair and should work to gain back the trust of the public and image in the industry. The government or the board which handles audit companies in every country should encourage the auditors to display their positive effects of the fair audit. The present business environment is dynamic which needs new methodologies and techniques to conduct audit. It will help in making it easier to detect if any fraud or error is present and will also increase the credibility of the audit report. Roper documentation should be maintained by the auditors and the companies conducting audit. It will have the record of all the related affairs in the documents which can be accessed if needed later on. The questions of the public should be answered which will also increase the trust and honesty in the firms and audit procedures. References Aziz, U. Omoteso, K. 2014, "Reinforcing users confidence in statutory audit during a post-crisis period: An empirical study",Journal of Applied Accounting Research,vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 308-322. Boyle, D.M. Mahoney, D.P. 2015, "Implications of the Global Financial Crisis",The CPA Journal,vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 54. Ciro, T. 2016;2013;2012;,The Global Financial Crisis: Triggers, Responses and Aftermath,Routledge Ltd. DArcy, C., 2009, Why Lehman Brothers collapsed, Lovemoney.com. Dragos, D.S. 2010, "Auditors Ethics In The Context Of Global Crisis",Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science,vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 851-855. Flores, C. 2011, "New Trends in Auditor Liability",European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR),vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 415-436. Fraser, I., 2009, Big Four audit firms had pivotal role in global financial crisis, Ian Fraser. Geiger, M.A., Raghunandan, K. Riccardi, W. 2014, "The Global Financial Crisis: U.S. Bankruptcies and Going-Concern Audit Opinions",Accounting Horizons,vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 59-75. Ip, M. 2012, "The Global Financial Crisis",Chinese Economy,vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 8-23. Jones, A., 2011, Auditors criticised for role in financial crisis, Financial times. Legg, M. 2009, "The Global Financial Crisis and Auditor Litigation",Keeping Good Companies,vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 55-58. McDonald, O. Miller Hillis , J. 2016,Lehman Brothers,Manchester University Press, S.l. Oldani, C., Kirton, J.J. Savona, P. 2016;2011;,Global Financial Crisis : Global Impact and Solutions,Taylor and Francis. Pal, 2010, The Impact of The Economic Crisis On Auditing, Institute of Business Information and Methods. Rapoport, M., 2010, Role of Auditors in Crisis Gets Look, The Wall Street Journal. Sikka, P. 2009, "Financial crisis and the silence of the auditors",Accounting, Organizations and Society,vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 868-873. Todea, N. Stanciu, I. C., 2009, Auditor Liability in Period Of Financial Crisis, Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica . Valentine, T. Woods, M. 2010,Management in focus: global financial crisis,Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W. Xu, Y., Carson, E., Fargher, N. Jiang, L. 2013, "Responses by Australian auditors to the global financial crisis",Accounting Finance,vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 301-338 Zhu, X. 2012, "The Global Financial Crisis",Chinese Economy,vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 42-55.

Program Evaluation A Case Study

Introduction In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that programs or projects hardly survive in the absence of an evaluation. A program evaluation, among other things, provides formative feedback that inarguably assists to guide the program during the implementation phase.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Program Evaluation: A Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the deliverables, an evaluation provides summative information that evidently demonstrates the effectiveness of the program towards achieving its stated goals and objectives (Royse et al., 2010). More importantly, this information can be used to optimize the program’s results, efficiency, and quality (Fink, 1995). Below, this paper addresses some questions relating to an evaluation of Teacher Education Training (TEP). Evaluation Questions According to Fink (1995), evaluation questions are mainly posed primarily to judge the program’s merits, that is, if goals were met, benefits achieved, and standards of achievement, among others. As such, the following are the evaluation questions: To what extent did the TEP achieve its goals and objectives in terms of enhancing your teaching methods? Has the TEP impacted you in any way in terms of imparting knowledge to the students you teach? Have there been any changes in the way you comprehend the subject you teach after undergoing the TEP? In your opinion, do you think the TEP is worth been replicated in other curriculums of other universities? Do you still employ the TEP techniques you learned? How has the TEP changed your general perspective in teaching your subject? Standards According to Fink (1997), â€Å"setting the standards means deciding on the information needed to provide convincing evidence of a program†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The standards that are decided upon must be appropriate, measurable, and credible. In the case example, the following are the standards: Testimonials from teachers who have undergone or are in the process of undergoing the TEP about trends of improvement Observations by the evaluators on teaching methods between those in the proposed curriculum (TEP program) and past graduates Comparison of student achievement records, i.e., those taught by TEP trainees and those taught by past graduates Observation for possible differences in performance for teachers on TEP in terms of age, interest, and experience Design The evaluation design is the structure or backbone of any project evaluation process since it does not only document outcomes that can conclusively be linked to the intervention, but it also gives direction on how the subjects will be compared to record possible differences. The design selected by the evaluators has far-reaching ramifications on the project final outcomes (Fink, 1995; Creswell, 2003). In the case study, the design employed is to compare teachers who have undergone TEP with previous gr aduates in terms of changes in teaching methods, knowledge of subject taught, and student performance. The measures employed include: Testing and surveying all subjects in the proposed two year TEP and internship program Observing subjects on an yearly basis from entry into TEP until two years after graduation Data Collection Measures A data collection measure is basically a tool or instrument that has been designed, tested, and validated for purposes of collecting data from the field (Sekaran, 2006). In the case example, the following data collection measures are used:Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Achievement Tests Observations Survey Questionnaires Published Literature Additional information To successfully complete the evaluation, you need to know how to analyze the data received from the participants. Here, the methods of analysis are dependent on aspects of the evaluation items, how the variables are determined, and issues of reliability and validity, among others. In the case study, all the variables – categorical, ordinal, and numerical – have to be used. Finally you also need to know how to objectively report the results that must include: Purpose of evaluation How evaluation was done (methods) Results Implications The evaluation reports can either be orally read or in written form. In the case study, a written report will be ready in six months Reference List Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc Fink, A. (1995). Evaluation for Education and Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc Royse, D., Thyer, B.A., Padgett, D.K. (2010). Program Evaluation: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Sekaran, U. (2006). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 4th Ed. Wiley-India This essay on Program Evaluation: A Case Study was written and submitted by user Jane Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.